Cardio surgery is a surgery which is performed on the heart or the great vessels by cardiac surgeons. It is also known as cardiovascular surgery. It is generally used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease, to correct congenital heart diseases, or to treat valvular heart diseases from different causes which encompass endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Also, it includes a heart transplant.
In the 19th century, the earliest surgery on the pericardium (the sac around the heart) was done. In the 20th century, surgeries on the great vessels became common.
Open-heart surgery is any kind of surgery where a surgeon makes a large incision to open the rib cage and operate on the heart. After surgeons realized the shortcomings of hypothermia in cardiac surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass surgery was developed.
In the early nineties, off-pump coronary artery bypass was performed by surgeons which were done without cardiopulmonary bypass. During these operations, the heart continues to beat.
Coronary artery bypass grafting is a familiar surgical procedure to create an alternative path to deliver blood supply to the heart and body with the goal of preventing the formation of a clot. It is also called as revascularization.
As another option to open-heart surgery, minimally invasive surgery involves a five to eight-inch incision in the chest. The surgeon can perform an endoscopic procedure by making very small incisions via which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.
In robotic-assisted heart surgery, a machine which is controlled by a cardiac surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage of this technique is the size of the incisions.
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